Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high sugar level in the blood. It’s mainly caused by a deficiency of insulin or resistance to insulin.
There are different types of diabetes, the most common are Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.
The pancreas produces insulin, which is essential for glucose to get into bodies cells. In a normal person, the pancreas produces more insulin whenever needed. (example; after a meal). In diabetes patient’s insulin production capacity of the pancreas is altered.
Diabetes mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death in the united states. Diabetes can lead to serious complications like blindness, heart problems, kidney problems, and the main amputation of the lower extremity.
The normal blood sugar level is: Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Is 80-110 mg/dl
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) Is <140 mg/dl
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS?
TYPE1: Is a chronic condition where the pancreas produces very little insulin or no insulin. The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown.
TYPE2: In type 2 diabetes body either resists the effects of insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin.
WHAT IS GESTATIONAL DIABETES?
Is a condition in which high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses the baby has a greater need for glucose. Hormonal changes in pregnancy also affect the action of insulin which brings high blood glucose levels.
Blood sugar levels usually return to normal after delivery. However, women who had gestational diabetes have an increased chance of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus in future.
WHAT CAUSES DIABETES?
The exact cause of diabetes unknown. Some risk factors are;
• Family history
• Personal history of gestational diabetes
• Age
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Use of certain medications(steroids)
THE CARDINAL SIGNS OF DIABETES ARE
• Polyuria (increased urinary frequency)
• Polydipsia (increased thirst)
• Polyphagia (increased hunger)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
• Weight loss
• Vision problems
• Numbness over the hand and feet
• Tiredness
• Sores that are difficult or slow to heal
• Irritability
• Frequent infections (gums, skin)
• Dry skin
COMPLICATIONS of Diabetes
• Heart and blood vessel problems (diabetes increase the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, atherosclerosis)
• Neuropathy (nerve damage)
• Kidney problems
• Eye problems (cataracts, glaucoma, blindness)
• Slow healing of wounds (severe damage may lead to foot or leg amputation)
• Skin problems (bacterial or fungal infections)
PREVENTION of Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Uncontrolled cases may lead to serious complications. A healthy lifestyle can prevent diabetes and its complications.
There are some ways to lower blood sugar level;
• Regular exercise
• Monitor blood sugar frequently
• Increase fiber intake
• Drink plenty of water
• Control stress
• Get enough sleep
• Weight reduction
• Healthy eating habits
• Control blood pressure
• Quit smoking
• Limit alcohol intake
TREATMENT
INSULIN THERAPY
People with diabetes require insulin injections to maintain safe insulin levels. An insulin pump is an alternative to injections. Your doctor will determine the dose and frequency of insulin injections.
ORAL MEDICATIONS
Oral medications are sometimes taken along with insulin. The medications will work in different ways. The goal of all is to help manage diabetes. Consult your doctor before you start taking any medicines.
WRITTEN BY TREESA SIJO . Medical professional, UAE
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